Research program: physical ideas, basic results, and the line of further investigations
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In [8-13,16] the following results are obtained:
- generalization of the known Einstein relationship
is received taking into
account the internal energy levels of atom;
- the atom is shown to represent a system of nuclear and electronic solitons
interacting with each other; the hydrogen atom is investigated in detail;
- the internal energy spectrum of hydrogen atom is calculated and it is
demonstrated that the energy spectrum is of a zoned structure with the infinitely
large number of energy levels in each zone;
- relativistic equations of motion are investigated and positronic state wave
functions are found; positronic energy levels are found to lie inside the forbidden
band near the boundaries with continuum;
- second quantization of the field of self-acting particles is fulfilled;
- the behaviour of self-acting electron in external electromagnetic field is
considered and non-stationary states of self-acting electron in this field are
obtained and investigated in detail;
- the Ehrenfest theorems are generalized to the case of self-acting electron
interacting with external field;
- the perturbation theory is constructed, both stationary and non-stationary,
for the equation of self-acting electron.
The occurrence of zoned structure of the internal energy spectrum of hydrogen atom
can be explained as follows. Because the mass of nucleus is much greater than that
of electron, the interaction between them may be treated as a small perturbation.
The energy spectrum of free self-acting nucleus is similar to that of free self-acting
electron and consists of an infinitely great number of energy levels. Since interaction
of nucleus with electron is small, one should expect the energy levels of the atom
to be located within small vicinities of the levels for free nucleus. This interaction
must result in the splitting of each nuclear level into an infinitely large number
of levels, forming an energy band. Thus, the self-action of the particles in the
hydrogen atom should result in appearance of the band structure of energy spectrum.
One of the bands should coincide with the known Balmer spectrum. These qualitative
considerations are completely confirmed by solving the fundamental dynamical equations.
According to the generally accepted point of view, the velocity of light in vacuum
is the greatest possible velocity of transfer of a signal existing in nature.
This conclusion was formulated by А. Einstein (1907) as a consequence of the
special theory of relativity (STR) as follows: “... There is no way of sending
the signals which would propagate faster than light in vacuum ” (see [17], p. 157).
At the same time the astronomical observations conducted for the first time by
N.А. Kozyrev [18-21] have shown that there exists in nature some mechanism of
action-at-a-distance of one body on the other resulting in the superluminal
transfer of a signal. These results were confirmed by M.M.Lavrent’ev, I.А.
Eganova and others [22,23], and also they were partially repeated in [24].
In analyzing the problem of origin of superluminal signals we proceed from
the assumption that there exist in nature physical carriers of such signals.
In my opinion, it is in electrodynamics that the physical carriers responsible
for emerging superluminal signals are to be looked for. Obviously, electromagnetic
waves cannot transfer superluminal perturbations because they represent a set of
photons moving with the velocity of light in any frame of reference. An
investigation shows that as a physical carrier of superluminal signals
may serve the own field of electron[25-28].
Though the own field satisfies Maxwell's equations, it does not represent
an independent degree of freedom of electromagnetic field and qualitatively
differs from the photon field. The own field is indissolubly connected with
the electric charge and inseparable from it. It is natural to interpret it
as a physical property internally inherent in the electron.
The own field is of a dual nature: on the one hand, the own field
is governed by the Maxwell equations and consequently it is an
electromagnetic field and, on the other, it is created by a charged
particle and cannot exist when the particle is absent, i.e. it
represents in some sense a constituent part of the particle.
It is not surprising that the own field of particle considerably
differs by its physical properties from the field of electromagnetic
waves: it is of a purely classical character and cannot be reduced to
the set of photons. The own field seems to be responsible for the wave
properties of particle, which are manifested in experiments on diffraction
of electrons. The function of the own field of a charged particle is to transform
the environmental space to a physical medium with the properties of an absolutely
solid body. One of the physical properties of this medium is that it is capable of
transferring a signal, connected with a perturbation occurring at some point of
space, instantaneously to arbitrarily large distances.
To specify the physical mechanism of superluminal transfer of information,
let us turn to quantum theory taking into account self-action. According to this
theory, electron represents a soliton - a clot of electrically charged matter having
the physical properties of absolutely solid body (because of violation of superposition
principle). It is a complex dynamical system consisting of a region of basic localization,
with the sizes being of the order of Bohr radius for the ground state of a particle,
of a tail, extending up to infinity, and of the own field. The presence of the tail
manifests itself in that the charge density of the self-acting electron proves to be
distinct from zero (though rather small in magnitude) far outside the region of basic
localization of particle. The oscillations of the charge density, occurring in this
region, are instantaneously transferred along the tail via the own field of particle
to any distances and excite the oscillations of electric and magnetic fields at each
point of space. Owing to this the whole universe instantaneously obtains information
about a physical event occurring at some point. It should be noted that superluminal
signals are connected with the processes of self-organization, owing to which electron
becomes a spatially extended system. The effect is absent for point-like particle.
As is known, the presence of an environment capable of transferring an oscillation from
one point of space to the other is a necessary condition for the existence of waves.
For electromagnetic waves, such an environment is, apparently, the own field of particle.
The latter is similar to the elastic strings that bind electric charges to the
environmental medium and endow it with properties of an absolutely solid body.
These strings are inseparable from the charged particle, they are not of photon
structure and consequently they cannot be destroyed without destroying the particle,
with which they are connected. When a charged particle moves with acceleration,
a photon field is split out of its own field, the vortex own field of the particle
being deformed and losing its axial symmetry.
Thus, two mechanisms of transferring a signal exist – (1) with the help of
electromagnetic waves and (2) via the own field of charged particles. In the first
case the signal is transferred by photons with the velocity of light, and in the
second - by the standing waves of the own field of particle, which are rigidly
linked with the particle and go from it to the other particles or stretch to infinity.
The transfer of a signal in the second case is of a purely classical, wave character and
can be carried out instantaneously. It should be stressed that both mechanisms of
transferring information mentioned above work simultaneously as though duplicating
each other.
According to the Maxwell equations the strength of electric field 
at point 
generated by the 4-current 
is defined by
 |
(3) |
The Green function 
describes the propagation of signal from point
to point 
at the velocity
of light (mechanism 1). The superluminal transfer of signal is described by the 4-current
if only particle is a spatially extended object (mechanism 2).
Last mechanism is absent in the case of point particle.
Note that the necessity of existence in electrodynamics of the physical mechanism of
instantaneous transfer of signals follows from the most general considerations. As the
self-field of electron is inseparable from the particle, electron and its self-field
should be considered as a single physical system. In view of the long-range character
of the self-field, this system fills in the whole space. In order that such a system be
stable, a physical mechanism should exist combining its parts into a unit. The
instantaneous transfer of information via the potential and vortex components of the
self-field of electron is, apparently, such a mechanism. It is natural to extend these
considerations to the universe: owing to the long-range character of the gravitational
field, the universe could not exist in the absence of signals propagating instantaneously
which tie up its constituents in a single whole.
The inference about the possibility of superluminal transfer of a signal with the help
of self-field of charged particles is in the obvious contradiction with the standard
point of view, which for the first time was formulated by A. Einstein as a consequence
of the special theory of relativity (STR) [17]. It should be emphasized, however, that
the causality problem is a problem of dynamics, because the case in point is the transfer
of interaction from one event to the other. Hence, it can be solved only by the analysis
of solutions of the equations of motion subject to proper boundary conditions. Remaining
in the framework of kinematics, it is impossible in principle to solve the causality problem.
In the generally accepted reasoning relating to superluminal signals [17], dynamics is
not considered at all and consequently the conclusion about impossibility of superluminal
signals is not justified.
In [27] the phenomenon of relativity of physical processes caused by superluminal signals
is predicted. The heart of the phenomenon is that the points of view of two observers
situated in the different inertial frames of reference on an event, occurring at some
space-time point, can be essentially different. The effect is a result of peculiarities
of the space-time geometry, which are manifested in the presence of superluminal signals.
The phenomenon has its origin in the fact that some space-time barriers can be formed in the
4-dimensional space, which are capable to hide for a while a part of information on physical
process.
The phenomenon of superluminal transfer of a signal is in agreement with the STR. The
analysis of dynamics of the process according to the equations of electromagnetic field
in a natural way lifts the ban of superluminal signals which, at the first sight, follows
from the kinematical considerations. It is the own field of charged particles that is a
carrier of superluminal signals. The own field represents the standing wave of matter and
is of a classical (nonphoton) nature. The own fields of particles and bodies form a physical
medium (aura) possessing the properties of absolutely rigid body. The results obtained
supplement and develop the conventional notions about space and time.
We are interested in the problem of time, mainly, from the point of view of physics.
It is our opinion that time is inseparably connected with space and that physical properties
of space-time are manifested just through the interaction of fields and particles existing
in nature. Obviously, as quantum electrodynamics (QED) is now the most developed part of
natural sciences, the physical essence of time can be revealed most fully and deeply on the
basis of research in the field of QED.
Many thinkers took an interest in what the physical nature of time is, whether
the course of time depends on material processes. Here are some expressions:
- Aristotle. Time is a measure of motion and is measured itself by the motion of
celestial bodies.
- The Ancients. Time is given, and it is not subject to discussion. It is the man,
located in it, who is discussed.
- Newton. The absolute, true and mathematical time in itself and by virtue of its nature
flows uniformly and regardless to any other object …
- N. Kozyrev. Not only do events exist in time, but they also proceed with its
participation … . The Sun radiates time and affects the Earth by the strengthening of
the physical properties of time. Time bears the information on events which can be
transferred to another system.
- A. Logunov. The study of the different forms of matter and of its laws of
motion is at the same time the study of space-time.
- I. Prigogine. Time is a key to the understanding of nature.
From the point of view of common sense, time characterizes the duration of events and
processes and indicates the sequence of events.
The peculiarity of the concept of time consists in that it is one of the most common
concepts used permanently both in science and in everyday life. This is because all events
and processes in the world happen in space and develop in time and, hence, the laws that
govern space-time connections are the most general and hold for all the forms of matter
[29-32].
Nevertheless, time remains one of the most mysterious concepts of physics, the true
nature of which is not revealed up till now. The reason is that the concept of time
with difficulty yields to logical analysis. The very statement of the problem about time,
which should be formulated to carry out the logical analysis, presents difficulties.
At first sight, if time is defined as the duration of a process, the concept of time is
completely determined and so there is no need to perform its analysis from the logical
point of view. However, the physicist cannot be satisfied with such a definition. He is
interested in whether there is a connection between time and material processes.
The following questions arise:
- Does the course of time depend on physical processes?
- What factors influence the course of time?
- Does the change in the course of time influence physical processes?
Though, according to Newton, time flows equally and uniformly and does not depend on
the processes, occurring in the world, the daily experience favours the opinion that
the course of time is not uniform. Depending on circumstances in our history, it seems
to us that time either flies swiftly or hangs heavy on our hands; sometimes it even
changes by leaps. There are a lot of poetic images indicative of the non-uniform, uneven
flowing of time: “the minutes fatal” (A. Pushkin), “the instants of life” (V. Brjusov),
and “starry hours of mankind” (S. Zweig). The minutes of inspiration familiar to the
people engaged in creative work may also serve as an example of a sudden change in the
course of time when the problems, which did not yield to solution for a long time, are
suddenly solved in a flash. These are the rare moments of truth, exciting and unforgettable.
In connection with these speculations the question arises as to whether the subjective
sensations of non-uniformity in the course of time familiar to everyone have an objective
basis.
In Newtonian mechanics time is of an absolute character, it does not change as one passes
from one inertial reference frame to another and represents merely a parameter, the change
of which at the will of explorer results in the change of state of a mechanical system in
accordance with the equation of motion.
In relativistic mechanics time remains a parameter describing the development of a system.
But now time and space are intimately linked with each other to form a single whole – the
4-dimensional space-time. In going from one inertial frame of reference to another time
gets entangled with spatial coordinates, so that time in one reference frame represents
a "mixture" of time and coordinates in the other. Time ceases to be universal, the same
in all inertial reference frames; it takes on a relative character. This circumstance,
combined with the conception of physical field, results in the fact that time now gains
a new quality, which was not available in classic mechanics: it becomes a bearer of physical
properties [16,28]. This point, in view of its fundamental importance, deserves some more
discussion.
According to the conception of physical field, which was called by Einstein the most
important discovery in physics from the times of Newton, if a body generates in surrounding
space a force field, space turns into a physical medium, which is capable to interact
directly with other bodies and gains, thus, physical properties, becoming an active
participant of physical processes. In view of the fact that space and time are indissolubly
related to each other, the presence of a force field in space must necessarily result in
the appearance of physical properties of time caused by the motion of a body in this field.
Thus, from the synthesis of the notion of space-time and of the idea of physical field it
follows with necessity that the course of time in a given area of space should depend on
physical processes in this area, i.e. time, as well as space, should have physical
properties.
It should be emphasized that in the STR time and spatial coordinates are independent and
formally equal in rights quantities, which determine the position of elementary events in
space-time. On the other hand, time stands out in relation to spatial coordinates. The
special role of time is due, from the viewpoint of geometry, to the pseudo-Euclidity of
geometry of the 4-dimensional space. From the physical point of view, it is associated
with the dynamical principle (causality principle), according to which the state of motion
of a physical system at an instant of time 
uniquely defines
its behaviour at the following instant of time 
The significance
of dynamical principle lies in the fact that it relates the temporal evolution of
system to the physical processes caused by force fields and in doing so it allows one
to determine the course of time in the system, its possible dependence upon the character
of physical processes, and not just the sequence of events and their duration [28].
The idea about the existence of the physical properties of time belongs to N. Kozyrev
[18-21,38]. By introducing into mechanics an additional parameter taking into account
the directivity of the course of time, Kozyrev has formulated the causal (asymmetrical)
mechanics, from which it follows that time has physical properties. According to the results
of theoretical and experimental investigations conducted by Kozyrev and his followers
[18-24], events can proceed both in time and with the help of time, information being
transmitted not only through force fields, but also via a temporal channel. Note that
in [39,40] the problem is stated of direct experimental research of the physical properties
of time with the purpose to ascertain the relations of a new type between phenomena and
discover new methods of changing the state of substance.
